La antigüedad e importancia de las relaciones de intercambio a larga distancia en los trópicos húmedos de Sudamérica precolombina
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52980/revistaamazonaperuana.vi7.219Palabras clave:
Sistema de intercambio comercial, Procesamiento de yuca, Evidencia arquelógicaResumen
En otra parte, el autor ha argumentado que la cultura de los bosques tropicales, como se la define convencionalmente, es más antigua y ancestral de las "culturas formativas" de Mesoamérica y los Andes centrales. Aquí se desarrolla un argumento de que: (1) la amplia gama de materiales vegetales para tareas específicas básicos para la tecnología de los "bosques tropicales" implica relaciones comerciales a larga distancia; (2) la intensificación del procesamiento de mandioca demostrable en el norte de América del Sur en el año 2000 a. C. sólo puede explicarse en términos de la intensificación de tales relaciones comerciales. Se examinan elementos específicos que sugieren redes comerciales centradas en las tierras bajas tropicales de América del Sur en relación con las dos proposiciones anteriores.
Descargas
Referencias
ALEXANDER, C. S. 1958. The geography of Margarita and adjacent islands, Venezuela. University of California Publications in Geography. 12: 85-192.
BIRD, J. B. 1967. Pre-ceramic art from Huaca Prieta, Chicama Valley. In J. H. Rowe and O. Menzel (eds.), Peruvian archaeology: selected readings. 66-71. Palo Alto: Peek Publications.
COE, M. D. 1960. Archaeological linkages with North and South America at La Victoria, Guatemala. American Anthropologist. 62: 363-93.
CRUXENT, J. M. and ROUSE, I. 1958-59. An archaeological chronology of Venezuela. Vols. 1 and 2. Social Science Monographs, VI. Pan American Union. Washington, D.C.
DEBOER, W. R. 1972. Archaeological explorations on the Upper Ucayali River, Peru. Ph. D. dissertation. University of California, Berkeley.
ENGEL, F. 1954. Curayacu - a Chavinoid site. Archaeology. 9: 98-105.
EVANS, C. and MEGGERS, B. J. 1957. Formative period cultures in the Guayas Basin, coastal Ecuador. American Antiquity. 25: 523-37.
FLANNERY, K. V. 1968. Archaeological systems theory and early Mesoamerica. In B. J. Meggers (ed.), Anthropological archaeology in the Americas. 67-87. Washington, D.C.: The Anthropological Society of Washington.
FURST, P. T. 1968. The Olmec were-jaguar motif in the light of ethnographic reality. In E. P. Benson (ed.), Dumbarton Oaks conference on the Olmec. 143-74. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collections.
GILMORE, R. M. 1950. Fauna and ethnozoology of South America. In J. H. Steward (ed.), Handbook of South American Indians, Vol. 6, 345-464. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 143.
GOLDMAN, I. 1963. The Cubeo. Illinois Studies in Anthropology, 2.
GREEN, D. F. and LOWE, G. W. 1967. Altamira and Padre Piedra, early Preclassic sites in Chiapas, Mexico. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, 20.
GROVE, D. C. 1973. The Mesoamerican formative and South American influences. Primer Simposio de Correlaciones Andino-Mesoamericano. Salinas, Ecuador, July 1971. In press, Guayaquil.
GUMILLA, P. José, S.J. 1963. El Orinoco ilustrado y defendido. Caracas, Academia Nacional de la Historia.
HARNER, M. J. 1972. The Jivaro. Garden City: Doubleday/Natural History Press.
HARRIS, D. R. 1971. The ecology of swidden cultivation in the Upper Orinoco rain forest, Venezuela. The Geographical Review, LXI: 475-95.
HARRIS, D. R. 1972. The origins of agriculture in the tropics. American Scientist. 60: 180-93.
HILL, Betsy. n. d. A new chronology of the Valdivia ceramic complex. Ñawpa Pacha. In press.
IZUMI, S. and SONO, T. 1963. Andes 2. Excavations at Kotosh, Peru, 1960. Tokyo: Kadokowa Publishing Co.
KANO, C. 1972. Pre-Chavin cultures in the central highlands of Peru: new evidence from Shillacoto, Huánuco. In E. P. Benson (ed.), The cult of the feline. 139-52. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collections.
LANNING, E. P. 1960. Chronological and cultural relationships of early pottery styles in ancient Peru. Ph. D. dissertation. University of California, Berkeley.
LANNING, E. P. 1967. Peru before the Incas. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
LATHRAP, D. W. 1962. Yarinacocha: stratigraphic excavations in the Peruvian montaña. Ph. D. dissertation. Harvard University.
LATHRAP, D. W. 1963. Possible affiliations of the Machalilla complex of coastal Ecuador. American Antiquity. 29: 239-41.
LATHRAP, D. W. 1965. Origins of Central Andean Civilization: New Evidence. Review of Izumi and Sono, 1963. Science. 148: 796-8.
LATHRAP, D. W. 1970. The Upper Amazon. London: Thames and Hudson.
LATHRAP, D. W. 1971. The tropical forest and the cultural context of Chavin. In E. P. Benson (ed.), Dumbarton Oaks Conference on Chavin, 73-100. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collections.
LATHRAP, D. W. 1973a. Gifts of the cayman: some thoughts on the subsistence basis of Chavin. In D. W. Lathrap and J. Douglas (eds.), Variation in anthropology. 91-105. Urbana: Illinois Archaeology Survey.
LATHRAP, D. W. 1973b. Complex iconographic features shared by Olmec and Chavin and some speculations on their possible significance. Primer Simposio de Correlación Andino-Mesoamericano. Salinas, Ecuador. July 1971. In press, Guayaquil.
LATHRAP, D. W. 1973c. The moist tropics, the arid lands, and the appearance of great art styles in the New World. In Idris Rhea Traylor and M. E. King (eds.), Art and Environment in Native America. Lubbock: Texas Tech Press.
LEVI-STRAUSS, C. 1961. A World on the Wane. New York: Criterion Trans. J. Russell. Books.
LOWIE, R. H. 1948. The tropical forests: an introduction. In J. H. Steward (ed.), Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 3. 1-56. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 143.
MACNEISH, R. S.; PETERSON, F. A. and FLANNERY, K. V. 1970. The prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley, Volume Three: Ceramics. Austin: University of Texas Press.
MATOS, M. R. 1968. A Formative-period painted pottery complex at Ancón, Peru. American Antiquity. 33: 226-32.
MEGGERS, B. J. and EVANS, C. and ESTRADA, E. 1965. Early Formative period of coastal Ecuador: the Valdivia and Machalilla phases. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology. 1.
NORTON, P. 1972. Early Valdivia middens at Loma Alta, Ecuador. Paper presented at 37th Annual Meeting, Society for American Archaeology. Bal Harbor. 6 May.
NORTON, P. 1973. A preliminary report on Loma Alta and the implications of inland Valdivia 'A'. Primer Simposio de Correlaciones Andino-Mesoamericano. Salinas, Ecuador, July 1971. In press, Guayaquil.
PAULSEN, A. 1972. Prehistoric trade between south coastal Ecuador and other parts of the Andes. Paper presented at 37th Annual Meeting, Society for American Archaeology. Bal Harbor. 5 May.
RAVINES, R. 1972. Escamosos y cocodrilos en el mundo Andino. Lima: Editorial 'Alfa'.
RAYMOND, S. 1972. The cultural remains from the Granja de Sivía, Peru: an archaeological study of Tropical Forest Culture in the montaña. Ph. D. dissertation. University of Illinois, Urbana.
REICHEL-DOLMATOFF, G. 1969. El contexto de un alucinógeno aborigen: Banisteriopsis caapi. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. XIII: 327-45.
REICHEL-DOLMATOFF, G. 1972. The feline motif in prehistoric San Agustín sculpture. In E. P. Benson (ed.), The cult of the feline. 50-64. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collections.
REICHEL-DOLMATOFF, G. and DUSSAN de Reichel, A. 1956. Momil: excavaciones en el Sinú. Revista Colombiana de Antropología. 5: 109-334.
ROE, P. G. 1973. Cumancaya: archaeological excavations and ethnographic analogy in the Peruvian montaña. Ph. D. dissertation. University of Illinois, Urbana.
ROSS, H. M. 1973. Areal integration and barter markets in Malaita, Solomon Islands. Paper presented at the Central States Anthropological Society Meeting, Saint Louis, 29 March.
ROTH, W. E. 1924. An introductory study of the arts, crafts, and customs of the Guiana Indians. Thirty-Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. 1916-17. 26-745. Washington, D.C.
ROUSE, I. and CRUXENT, J. M. 1963. Venezuela Archaeology. Yale University Caribbean Series. 6. New Haven.
ROWE, J. H. 1962. Chavin Art: an inquiry into its form and meaning. New York: The Museum of Primitive Art.
SAHLINS, M. 1972. Stone Age Economics. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton.
SCHULTES, R. E. 1972a. Ilex Guayusa from 500 A.D. to the present. In A medicine-man's implements and plants in a Tiahuanacoid tomb in highland Bolivia. By S. H. Wassén, 115-38. Etnologiska Studier 32. Göteborg.
SCHULTES, R. E. 1972b. An overview of hallucinogens in the Western Hemisphere. In P. T. Furst (ed.), Flesh of the gods, 3-54. New York: Praeger.
STRONG, W. D. 1925. The Uhle pottery collections from Ancón. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. 21: 135-90.
WASSEN, S. H. 1965. The use of some specific kinds of South American snuff and related paraphernalia. Etnologiska Studier. 28: 1-116.
WASSEN, S. H. 1967. Anthropological survey of the use of South American snuffs. Ethnopharmacologic search for psychoactive drugs. Proceedings of a symposium held in San Francisco, California, 28-30 January 1967, Workshop series in pharmacology. N.I.M.H., N.º 2. Health Service Publication N.º 1645: 233-89. Washington, D.C.
WASSEN, S. H. 1972. A medicine, man's implements and plants in a Tiahuanacoid tomb in highland Bolivia. Etnologiska Studier. 32, Göteborg.
WEST, R. C. 1961. Aboriginal sea navigation between Middle and South America. American Anthropologist. 63: 133-5.
WHITAKER, T. W. 1971. Endemism and Pre-Columbian migration of the bottle gourd, Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl. In C. L. Riley, J. C. Kelley, C. W. Pennington, and R. L. Rands (eds.), Man across the sea. 320-7. Austin: University of Texas Press.
WILBERT, J. 1972. Tobacco and shamanistic ecstasy among the Warao Indians of Venezuela. In P. T. Furst (ed.), Flesh of the gods. 55-83. New York: Praeger.
WILLEY, G. R. 1962. The early great styles and the rise of the Pre-Columbian civilizations. American Anthropologist. 64: 1-14.
WILLEY, G. R. 1971. An Introduction to American Archaeology. Volume Two, South America. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
WILLEY, G. R. and CORBETT, J. M. 1954. Early Ancón and Supe culture. Columbia Studies in Archaeology and Ethnology. 3.
WING, E. S. 1972. Appendix IV: Utilization of animal resources in the Peruvian Andes. In S. Izumi and K. Terada (eds.), Andes 4: Excavations at Kotosh, Peru, 1963 and 1966. 327-54. University of Tokyo Press.
ZERRIES, O.; LATHRAP, D. W. and NORTON, P. n. d. Shamans' stools and the time-depth of Tropical Forest Culture. Manuscript.
ZERRIES, O. 1962. Die Vorstellung vom Zweiten Ich und die Rolle der Harpye in der Kultur der Naturvölker Südamerikas. Anthropos, 53: 889-914.
ZEVALLOS, M. C. 1971. La agricultura en el Formativo Temprano del Ecuador. (Cultura Valdivia). Guayaquil: Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana.
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 1982 
Esta obra está bajo una Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Los artículos publicados se encuentran disponibles en acceso abierto bajo la licencia 